The Shadowy Story of Oppenheimer and Congress

00:02
Speaker 1
From the New York Times, I'm Sabrina Tavernisi, and this is the Daily. Hollywood's awards season is officially underway.

00:10
Speaker 2
Just the beginning of the fun and glamour of awards season.

00:14
Speaker 1
Nominations for the Academy awards. One of Hollywood's biggest events, will be announced today.

00:20
Speaker 3
I think we had a BarbenheiMer summer, which was very, it was so much fun. Listen, Oppenheimer should lead the way. I think OppenheIMER right now is the movie to beat for the Oscars.

00:30
Speaker 1
And one movie that's expected to collect a lot is Oppenheimer about the father of the atomic bomb. The film captured the imagination of millions of people last summer, including our congressional correspondent, Katie Edmondson. Today Katie describes how Oppenheimer sent her on a quest to find the secret story of how Congress paid for the bomb and what that reveals about the inner workings of Washington. It's Tuesday, January 23.

01:12
Speaker 4
Katie, you cover Congress for the Times, as our listeners, of course, know. But you join us today to talk about something a little out of the.

01:19
Speaker 1
Ordinary, a story which many of our.

01:21
Speaker 4
Listeners may not immediately associate with a Times congressional reporter. And it has everything to do with the blockbuster movie Oppenheimer.

01:30
Speaker 1
So tell us how you ended up.

01:31
Speaker 4
Reporting this very unusual story.

01:35
Speaker 2
That's right. Well, it all started really when I went to go see OppenheiMer, like I'm assuming a lot of our listeners did over the summer. I was actually working in Berlin. I thought that I would get a little break from covering Congress. I knew that there was going to be a big spending fight in the fall, and I was kind of anxious to focus on something else for a little bit. And so I went to this movie, which is, of course, about J. Robert OppenheiMer.

02:03
Speaker 5
Now let's calculate how much more destructive it would have been if it were a nuclear and not a chemical reaction.

02:10
Speaker 2
And the creation of the atomic bomb.

02:12
Speaker 5
Expressing power in terms of tons of TNT, but it will be thousands. Well, then kilo tons.

02:21
Speaker 2
And the movie takes place, or a lot of it takes place in Los.

02:25
Speaker 5
Alamos, Physics and New Mexico. My God.

02:32
Speaker 2
Which is this base that Oppenheimer and the military built up out of the desert, really out of nothing.

02:40
Speaker 5
This way, gentlemen.

02:42
Speaker 2
This huge sprawling base where scientists from across the country came to figure out how to build the bomb. Dr. Lawrence, they had homes for the families of the scientists there. There's no kitchen, really. We'll fix that. And something that I couldn't stop thinking about while these scenes were flashing on screen was, this looks really expensive. Did Congress approve the money for that? And if so, how much were they told. Because another big theme of this movie was that this was a very secret project, that the number of people who knew about what was really happening at Los Alamos was extremely restricted. And so I was thinking, if that was true, how do you get Congress to approve what has to be a huge tranche of money to fund this thing? It was very much an intrusive thought that kept poking in throughout the movie.

03:52
Speaker 4
Katie, you were in Berlin so that you weren't having to cover Congress, but yet there you were. Your head was back in Congress. You can take the girl out of.

04:00
Speaker 2
Yeah, yeah. It's a little embarrassing.

04:07
Speaker 4
So then what do you do?

04:08
Speaker 2
Well, I kind of just assumed that if I started googling it, that I would come to some sort of quick answer. There's been so much research and so much academic work done on this period, and I was surprised to find that there really wasn't that much. There were a few lines on Wikipedia. I ended up finding a textbook that gave a sort of brief version of how Congress had sort of surreptitiously approved money in a bill that was at the behest of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. And as I was reading just these few kind of breadcrumbs, I just kept thinking, what do you mean? What do you mean? Congress secretly passed this money, and not a lot of people knew about it, because, look, this is my job currently, is to go through the spending bills to look for things that are peculiar.

04:58
Speaker 2
I also know that lawmakers are really bad at keeping secrets, generally. And so the idea that this happened, this huge secret, was smuggled through Congress without really anyone knowing. I just didn't see how that could be true.

05:13
Speaker 4
And this is not just, like some dumb bridge or a road or something. Right. It was a whole different scale. Like it was ushering in the dawn of the atomic age.

05:22
Speaker 2
Well, that's right. And beyond the implications of the creation of this weapon of mass destruction, there's also the cost. Right. The amount of money that Congress ultimately was asked to pass secretly was $800 million for this project, which in today's money, is about $13 billion.

05:42
Speaker 4
Wow.

05:42
Speaker 2
And so every time I picked up on another little breadcrumb like this, I just became more incredulous. Essentially, I wanted to understand even more how they were able to pull this off. And so I pitched to my editor. Well, why don't I do. It'll be a fun historical memo that I'll write about this. And she agreed to let me do that. And so that really set off this kind of obsessive search to figure out the answer of exactly how Congress was able to secretly pass $800 million for the atomic bomb.

06:16
Speaker 4
Katie, I love your nerdiness. So what did that obsessive search look like? Where did you start?

06:24
Speaker 2
Well, at this point, I was back in DC. I'd come back from Berlin, and this ended up becoming very much a side project, because there was actually a lot of spending drama happening here in DC in real time that I was having to cover, of course. But it took me through the digital archives of a lot of different libraries, former president Roosevelt's archives. And so it just kept happening that you would kind of get close to some sort of answer, some sort of document that seemed like it would unlock the secret of this, and you would get a few pieces.

06:59
Speaker 2
But I was particularly obsessed with trying to get the account of one of the lawmakers who was physically in the room when these discussions were happening, who was in the room when the decision was made, because to me, that was just going to give me the most direct, the sharpest perspective of exactly how this worked.

07:19
Speaker 4
Right?

07:20
Speaker 2
So I had a list of the seven lawmakers who were brought into this secret. I knew that one of the lawmakers in one of these secret meetings was Sam Rayburn, who was the speaker of the House at the time, in 1944, considered one of the most famous, one of the most legendary house speakers of all time. And so I contacted the library where his papers are kept in Austin, Texas. And I found out that those documents have not been digitized. They were sitting in folders in. So I struck up an acquaintance with a reference intern there, a very intrepid man named Dion Kaufman, who I'm so indebted to him for this, because I kept saying, well, what about this folder? And what about that folder? And he would go and he would look, and it just did not yield anything.

08:16
Speaker 2
But at least I could sort of rest knowing that someone had physically paged through those folders. So I was still looking for a lawmaker in the room. And then I found that one of them, Senator Elmer Thomas of Oklahoma, who had been invited to a secret briefing in the Senate about this whole gambit, had actually written a memoir.

08:41
Speaker 4
Okay, so I've never heard of Elmer Thomas from Oklahoma or of his memoir. How bad is that?

08:47
Speaker 2
No, it's not. I hadn't either. But it turns out he was actually a pretty important guy on Capitol Hill at the time when this all happened. He was the chairman of the appropriations subcommittee that oversaw military spending, and so he was one of just a few lawmakers who were brought into this secret. And it turns out his memoir, 40 years a legislator, perhaps unsurprisingly, was not in wide circulation, really. But I did learn that there was a copy actually at the Library of Congress. So I got my library of Congress Library card, and on a quiet day, I went over. There are actually tunnels that connect the Capitol building to the Library of Congress. I kept getting lost.

09:36
Speaker 2
And so around the third time that I was trying to find the room where this book was, I was thinking, this is a lot of time now that I'm spending on this book, that.

09:45
Speaker 4
Your editor is basically tapping her foot.

09:47
Speaker 2
Yeah. May or may not be helpful. But I finally got the book. I opened it up, and it was all there.

10:05
Speaker 1
We'll be right back.

10:09
Speaker 4
So, Katie, what was the story you ultimately pieced together? I mean, how did they hide the building of the atomic bomb in the budget?

10:16
Speaker 2
So here's what I learned. Initially, the way that Roosevelt officials were getting the money for the research to create the bomb was they were actually just taking money that Congress had appropriated under different lied items, and they were funneling it to the Manhattan project.

10:34
Speaker 4
Got it. So, skimming from other things, basically.

10:36
Speaker 2
Yeah, that's right. But by 1944, looking through the documents, it became very clear that Roosevelt himself, as well as his top officials, were growing very anxious about the idea of Nazi Germany maybe beating us to creating the atomic bomb. I came across this memo from FDR to Vaniver Bush, who at that time was overseeing the administration of the Manhattan project. And it was just one line. And he wrote, do you have the money, FDR?

11:07
Speaker 4
So the administration essentially realizes Germany's close to getting the bomb. So time for some major money. Do you have know that means Congress.

11:17
Speaker 2
Exactly. Only Congress has the power of the purse. And so they decided we have to ask Congress for a big infusion of cash now. So that also means we have to tell members of Congress that we're doing this. Right. We have to let them in on the secret.

11:33
Speaker 4
Right.

11:33
Speaker 2
And so Roosevelt gives the word to really his point man on this was Henry L. Stimson, who was then the secretary of war. And he says, I need you to tell a very small group of lawmakers exactly what's happening here. I need you to get them to agree to pass this money, and crucially, I need you to get them to keep it a secret. And so Stimson heads up to Capitol Hill. He has two separate secret meetings, one in the House, one in the Senate. In one particular meeting in the House, he actually brings George Marshall, the incredibly famous general, to the meeting. To kind of impress upon lawmakers just the seriousness of what he is asking them to do. And we know from Senator Elmer Thomas's memoir what their pitch was.

12:25
Speaker 2
He writes that he received a call from the Senate majority leader saying, I'm inviting you to this secret meeting. You need to come to my office in an hour. You cannot tell anyone where you are going or that you are going to a meeting at all. Keep it under wraps.

12:42
Speaker 4
Wow. Okay.

12:44
Speaker 2
So Elmer Thomas goes an hour later to the Senate majority leader's office. It's just him, a couple other senators, and the war secretary, and a couple of his officers. And in the meeting, Henry Stimpson, the war secretary, tells these senators that the United States has been working on creating a bomb that can, quote, do as much damage as 10,000 tons of any explosive known at that time. And he writes that he recalls Stimpson saying that the Germans are working on a weapon just like this, and that whoever is able to create this weapon first is going to win the war.

13:25
Speaker 4
Wow. And so what does Elmer Thomas think about this? What does he say?

13:30
Speaker 2
Well, he writes in his memoir, this was something that absolutely floored him. And so the impression that Thomas and the other senators get is that this is absolutely something that must be done, that must be kept a secret, and that they are going to go to any lengths that they can to pass this money.

13:57
Speaker 4
Okay, so this tiny group of lawmakers.

13:59
Speaker 1
In Congress agreed to secretly fund this project.

14:02
Speaker 4
But I guess the question remains, how.

14:04
Speaker 2
Do you do that?

14:05
Speaker 4
How do you hide it?

14:07
Speaker 2
Well, this is maybe my favorite part of the entire story, and it's something that Elmer Thomas's memoir, again, I love Elmer Thomas. Now, in this memoir that he let us in on the secret, which is that they hid it essentially in an innocuous sounding line item. I wasn't able to find a copy of the bill, but I did find a report from the hearing where they considered the bill. And when you look through all of the different line items for this spending bill, I mean, they had the horses that they were going to use over in Italy, horses and donkeys. And then there was this one line item that said, expediting production. And that was the shell that they used to conceal this $800 million for the bomb. Expediting production.

14:55
Speaker 4
So that's some pretty bland language. I mean, it sounds like a good disguise, right?

14:59
Speaker 2
You can completely see why it would not have raised any eyebrows at the time. There was a short description in that hearing report that said, well, this is a line item intended to speed munitions to our boys in Europe to make sure that we're using the most modern weapons on the battlefield possible, which is a huge understatement when you know what was actually hidden there.

15:23
Speaker 4
Right? So, Katie, did anybody notice, you know.

15:26
Speaker 2
There were a few close calls, and one of them that was probably the most amusing to me actually came through in the form of anecdote told by former speaker Sam Rayburn, who told this story to a historian at his home in Texas many years after the fact. He said that he was walking around one day shortly after that secret meeting with the war secretary, where the lawmakers all agreed to hide this money, and that he saw one of the congressmen who had been in that meeting talking to a reporter. And he said, the congressman, when I saw him, looked. At least in Rayburn's interpretation, the congressman had been leaking the contents of this secret meeting to the newspaperman.

16:14
Speaker 4
And what does he do?

16:15
Speaker 2
Well, so Rayburn goes up to the newspaperman, and he said, and this is what Rayburn recalled. He went up to the newspaperman and said, you are a good american, aren't you? You love your country. The newspaperman said, of course. Rayburn said, then don't print anything about what he just told you.

16:37
Speaker 4
Wow. So the newspaper man caves, right? How do you understand what happened here?

16:43
Speaker 2
Well, I think you also have to understand the context of this time period, right? The United States was in this protracted war with Germany and with Japan. It was a time period where I think everyone, including the press, were being expected to sort of rally around the flag to support our troops. And so I think he was just let into a secret of the highest national security in a hallway by one member of Congress, only to be then abruptly headed off by the very powerful speaker of the House, who appeals to his sense of patriotism. But, I mean, this would have been an enormously difficult decision. I mean, if I were that reporter now, this would be something that I would escalate up to our highest editors and probably would be the subject of a really fierce debate at our newspaper.

17:36
Speaker 4
So it sounds like it was no small feat to keep this thing under wraps until, of course, it wasn't a secret. And the whole world learned of the US atomic program, know shocking detail when the United States dropped the bomb on Hiroshima. What was it like, Katie, to be doing this congressional historical sleuthing, uncovering all of this maneuvering in the 1940s, while at the same time covering Congress over the past year? Any conclusions you draw from the comparison?

18:09
Speaker 2
Well, since the story has come out, the question that I've gotten from a lot of readers is, and I think this is what you're driving at, could something like this happen today? Could a few members of Congress today hide some sort of big program or top secret activity within the spending bills? And I found a number of interviews from some of the participants in the Manhattan project that were done years after we bombed Hiroshima. And the answer they gave was that they didn't think it would be possible to hide a program or a project of that magnitude outside the context of a huge war at a time when there was this sense of patriotism among so many people. But look, I currently cover federal spending, and I do read through the spending bills that are passed into law.

18:59
Speaker 2
And these are bills that are typically hundreds, if not thousands of pages long. They are written in extremely archaic, dense legislative language. And I look through trying to see if there's any programs that seem peculiar or strange or warrant sort of greater investigation as to what they're doing in that spending bill. But the phrase expediting production, I mean, it's so innocuous. If I were a reporter back in 1944 combing through that bill, I don't think it would have caused me to raise any eyebrows. I think I would have read it and thought, yeah, that makes sense. Of course, we're trying to send weapons more quickly over to Europe. And so I do think kind of the moral of that story, if there is one, is that just a few lawmakers can hide something like this if there's the will to do so.

20:02
Speaker 4
Katie, thank you.

20:03
Speaker 2
Thank you, Sabrina.

20:10
Speaker 1
We'll be right back. Here's what else you should know today. On Monday, the Supreme Court sided with the Biden administration, allowing federal authorities to cut or remove parts of a concertina wire barrier along the mexican border that Texas erected to keep migrants from crossing into the state. The ruling by a five to four vote was a temporary measure that lifted a lower court's ban on removing the wire. While it considered the case, the justices gave no reason for their decision, which is typical when they act on such emergency applications. The ruling was a victory for the Biden administration in the increasingly bitter dispute between the White House and Governor Greg Abbot of Texas, an outspoken critic of President Biden's border policy. Today's episode was produced by Rob Zipko and Ricky Novetsky.

21:10
Speaker 1
It was edited by Mark George and Lexi Diao, contains original music by Rowan Nimastow, Dan Powell, and Marion Lozano, and was engineered by Alyssa Moxley. Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Lansfirk. Of wonderly. That's it for the daily. I'm Sabrina Taverni.

21:42
Speaker 4
Me.

21:42
Speaker 1
See you tomorrow. Close.